What is the National Sword?
The National Sword is a Chinese government policy introduced in 2018 that banned the import of most plastic waste and other solid waste with contamination above strict limits.
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The National Sword policy reshaped global recycling markets, particularly in North America and Europe, where China had historically imported large volumes of recyclables. It highlighted the need for better sorting, cleaner recyclables, and stronger domestic recycling infrastructure. The policy continues to influence conversations about recycling standards, global waste trade, and circular economy practices. Municipalities, companies, and researchers use the lessons of National Sword to improve waste management, reduce contamination, and diversify recycling export markets.